Wstep

Inwersja polega na zamianie pozycji podmiotu i czasownika posiłkowego lub modalnego.

Inwersji używamy w następujących przypadkach:

• Kiedy zdanie rozpoczyna wyrażenie przysłówkowe miejsca, wyrażenia przysłówkowe w formie przeczącej lub przysłówek
• Z: "only after", "only if", "only when", etc., gdy wyrażenia te znajdują się na początku zdania dla osiągnięcia efektu retorycznego
• W zdaniach warunkowych bez "if"
• Dla podkreślenia, zwykle wtedy, kiedy chcemy nadać zdaniu bardziej formalny ton.

Przykłady

• "Under no circumstances should you open the box."
  (You should not open the box.)
   
• "On the table were three old books."
  (Three old books were on the table.)
   
• "Hardly had I entered the room when the orchestra began to play."
  (I had hardly entered the room when the orchestra began to play.)
   
• "Only when it started raining did he give me the umbrella."*
  (He gave me the umbrella only when it started raining.)
   

* Zauważ, że inwersja w zdaniu głównym występuje po wyrażeniach typu "only after", "only if", "only when".

Inne przykłady

• "Had I gone to university, I might have been a doctor."
  (If I had gone to university, I might have been a doctor.)
   
• "Had I not gone to university, I wouldn’t have been a doctor."
  (If I hadn’t gone to university, I wouldn’t have been a doctor.)
   
• "Had you gone to university, would you have been a doctor?"
  (If you had gone to university, would you have been a doctor?)

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Wyrażenia przysłówkowe o charakterze przeczącym

• Never (before), Rarely, Seldom…
• Under no circumstances…
• Hardly, Scarcely …when…
• No sooner…than…
• Little…
• In no way…
• Not only…but…
• On no account…
• At no time…

Przykłady

• As soon as I arrived, the music started.
  "No sooner did I arrive than the music started."
   
• You mustn’t have the music too loud.
  "On no account must you have the music too loud." *
   
• He’d never seen anything like it before.
  "Never before had he seen anything like it." *
   
• I’d never seen the film.
  "At no time had I (ever) seen the film." *

* Zauważ, że czasowniki w zdaniach przeczących przyjmują formę twierdzącą, jeżeli występują po wyrażeniach przysłówkowych o charakterze przeczącym.

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Praktyka

Utwórz zdania z wyrażeniami przysłówkowymi:

.

1)

You mustn't let the dog off its lead.
Under no circumstances    the dog off its lead.

 

2)

She had never been there.
At no time    there.

 

3)

I am hardly ever late for work.
Rarely    late for work.

 

4)

This is not acceptable.
In no way    acceptable.

 

Please submit the missing answers shown in red
 

Submit

Dalsza praktyka

Wybierz właściwą odpowiedź a, b, c lub d:
.

1)

Seldom ____ on holiday as children.
 

did we go

we did go

went we

we went

 

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2)

Scarcely ____ the house when it started to rain.
 

they hadn't left

had they left

they left

they had left

 

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3)

____ more hard-working, she would have a job.
 

Were she

She was

If were she

She were

 

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4)

Out in the garden ____.
 

birds are

birds aren't

are birds

are there birds

 

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5)

On no account ____ the phone.
 

you should answer

answer you

you shouldn't answer

should you answer

 

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6)

Not only ____ but he was rude as well.
 

he was late

was he late

he wasn't late

late was he

 

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Please submit the missing answers shown in red
 

Submit